Flow of Money Income & its Circular Flow Money flow circular flow of money

Income & its Circular Flow

It is a basic concept about income that money always is in a rotation from one person to another in the form of income & expenditure. There is lot of activity like saving, tax, government exp, investment and import or export, if we add these figure then we are able to find out our National Income from different – 2 method like – income method or expenditure method and we know that our national income is always be equal to national expenditure. 

                                                                                                     

Income flow between business & house hold sector –

We start it from a basic concept that our economic start from two sides – one is house hold and second is business.

Flow of Money

First side, house hold – This side of the economic hold all the production factor like land, capital or man power etc. house hold use these production factor in production process and get rent on land, interest on capital and wages or salaries on manpower etc. so these sector sale their services and earn income. This side has the consumption and buys all the goods & services which are produces.

Second side, business sector – These sectors have the idea and produce the goods & services and sale these production to the house hold and earn money. Or other way, we can say that the house-hold is the entire market for business sector. They buy the entire production factor from house hold and pay them (rent, interest, wages or salaries) for this. So, there is a continue flow of money from one another at every time.

Assumption –

ü  House-hold spent all his income on goods & services

ü  Total production is always be equal to total sale or consumption

ü  There is no saving by business sector

National Income and Economic Welfare Social Welfare

National Income and Economic Welfare

National Income has a close relationship with economic welfare and also has a positive co-relationship with each other. Economic welfare is relay have an important concept for every economic and also for social welfare. Economic welfare totally depends on the growth of National Income and its distribution. Economic welfare means prosperity level & living standard of an individual or a group of peoples in the society.

So we have two concepts about economic welfare –

ü  Change in the size of National Income

ü  Change in the distribution of National Income

National Income and Economic Welfare

Change in the size of National Income – the size of the national income has a positive relationship with economic welfare. If our national income increased then the people spend more money for goods & services. Its increase our economic welfare. If there is a negative or decrease in the size of national income then people decrease their expenditure on goods & services.

Economic welfare also depend on the real increase in our national income, it is not just due to a price high in current price index. If there is an increase in the income of rich people and no increase in the income of poor people then it is not a economic welfare.

Change in the distribution of National Income – distribution of our national income is also an important point. If there is a shift of money for rich people to poor people then we say that it is a concept which increases our economic welfare or equal distribution of National Income.

If there is shift of money from poor people to rich people or if we make such policy which supports the rich people then we can say that it is not a good one or positive for economic welfare. Policy like increase in working hour, give less than the minimum wages, lack in the facility in factory area or slum area etc, these things are against for the concept of economic welfare.

Also, if there is an increase in the national income then we assume that there is an increase in the personal income but if our population increase on the same rate, in this situation, there is no economic welfare. Also personal income does not have a positive relationship with economic welfare. 

Limitation or Difficulties of National Income Limitation Difficulties National Income

Limitation or Difficulties of National Income

There are lots of limitations while we measure the National Income. There are multiples way to calculate the national income and every theory has their own limitation. We face the problem due to their assumption and complex static.

Limitation or Difficulties of National Income 

Limitation of Product Method –

ü  Housewives Services – in national income, we not include the housewives services but we include the payment for servant.

ü  Middle or final goods – it is very difficult to calculate the difference between a intermediate or final goods. If we not able to clarify the difference, the possibility of doubling is increased.

ü  Illegal activities – these types of illegal activities are not to be calculated while we measuring the National Income.

ü  Consumer Services – there are lot of services which satisfied the human need like film, dance, teacher, doctor or barber but it is very difficult to calculate their income.

ü  Capital gains also not add in National income.

ü  Second hand materials (assets or goods) are also not calculated.

ü  Change in stock materials or inventory is included in NI but we not add the total materials change.

ü  Always to use a base year price index because current price change during the time so that it is not give a real picture.

Limitation of Expenditure Method –

ü  It is very difficult to calculate Government Services like police, military, admin or court etc. it is not very sure about these services that they are middle or final services.

ü  Use of durable consumer goods like car, TV, furniture etc

ü  There is lots of public expenditure like police, park, lighting, museum, water supply or river but it is very difficult to identify that these are investment or consumption. 

ü  Different types of payment or transfer like pension, unemployment or interest on loan etc.

Limitation of Income Method –

ü  Owned or rented house – a rent received always be a part of National Income but if a owner live in self occupied house how will be the calculation.

ü  Payment of wages or a part of salary in different kind like free food or house or cloths or other thing, but their calculation is very difficult.

ü  It is very difficult to calculate the income of a self employment person.

ü  There are lot of goods and services which a farmer or producer retain for self use, so calculation of these type of thing is very difficult.

Income different Income types of Income aay aay ke prkar

Income different Income types of Income aay

Private Income –

An income which is received by the private or personal people from different – 2 income sources or as a production factors. In this income, there is no involvement of government side or an income which is received from government services. So, we must add or subtracted some of item from GNP. Add these types of item like – pension, unemployment, health scheme, normal profit and abnormal profit or income from abroad etc. subtract item – income from government, other surplus, pension scheme or life insurance etc.

Private Income – NNP at factor cost or National Income + transfer payment + interest on public debt – profit of public sector – payment for social security.

Income

Personal Income –

A total income which is received by the public from different – 2 resources before paying any tax. There are lots of differences in national income or personal income. We must add lot of transfer or payment of amount in personal income.

Personal Income – national income + transfer payment + interest on public debt – tax on profit – payment for social security – undistributed profit of corporate.

Disposable Income –

An income which is left for expenditure or consumption after giving all tax. 

Disposable Income – personal income – direct tax.

Real Income –

When we calculate the national income on the base of any year like 1981 or 1991 or 2000-01 or 2011 etc. when we calculate the national income with this method, we are able to get a real picture of national income and growth. But when we calculate the income on current year price index then we add inflation & also these data not represent a real picture.  

National Income GNI NI Gross National Income राष्टीय आय rashtiy aay

National Income GNI NI Gross National Income राष्टीय आय rashtiy aay

National Income is a word which is very wide in economic environment and also knows as national profit or national expenditure or national out-put. National Income is the total income of any economic which is generated in a limited time frame or a financial year. In an economic, there are mostly three sectors like agri, service or manufacturing units. These sectors are inter-related with each other so one sector out-put is the in-put for other one. When we calculate the national income, we must be careful to calculate the inter-mediate things or final product of the economic.

National Income or Gross National Income 

There are three ways to calculate the National Income:–

Income Method - In this method, we add all the income which is received by the different working factor which available in the market because they receive the income against a work done by them.

Total Product or Out-put Method – In this method, we add all the out-put which is done by the economic in a limited time frame or a financial year. For example – building, machine, capital goods or non capital goods etc.

Value Added Method – this is the last method and have a unique importance in the calculation of national income because in this method, we only add all the value which is done by the different – 2  industry. So in this method, we separate the intermediate things or final product of economic. This method give a real data of national income of any country and most of the country us this method.

In this method, firstly we add the value added of industry and also add the net income which is received by the abroad or total excess of export over import or a net income from abroad. In this method, we also able to analysis the different – 2 sector and also compare form previous one out-put.     

Gross National Product GNP सकल राष्टीय उत्पाद

Gross National Product (GNP) सकल राष्टीय उत्पाद

GNP is the total market value of all the production (goods and services) which is produce in a limited time frame in the economic. GNP presents a large picture of an economic and it also includes the depreciation on capital equipment. We also include the net income or excess of export over import in it. We include different types of goods and services in it like – consumption goods & services, capital goods, goods & services produced by the government or net excess of export over import.

Gross National Product GNP सकल राष्टीय उत्पाद  

We use three methods to calculate the GNP –

Income Method (आय विधि) – we add all the wages or income paid to the production factor. GNP = wages or income + rent + interest + dividend + profit + mixed income + direct or indirect +depreciation + income from export over import.

Value added (उत्पाद विधि) – in this method, we add all the monetary value of final product which is produced by the economic in a limited time frame or a financial year. We only use the final product so we have a clear idea but intermediate product that is used by the industry. In this, we add all the final output and deduct all the input use by the industry.

Expenditure method ( व्यय विधि ) - in this method, we add all the expenditure for final goods and services in an economics. GNP = consumption + investment + government expenditure + net foreign investment 

Gross Domestic Product GDP सकल घरेलू उत्पाद

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) सकल घरेलू उत्पाद

  

GDP is the total of all goods and services which is produced by the economic in a limited time frame. We calculate the GDP on two basics- first is GDP with real data in which we assume a particular year as a base and use that year price index to calculate the GDP. In second method, we calculate the GDP with current year price index; we call it GDP with marker price. In other word, GDP at market price - it is the total market value of production (goods and services) which is produced by an economic in a financial year.

We calculate our GDP with three methods like –

·         Production Method - उत्पाद विधि 

·         Expenditure Method - व्यय विधि 

·         Income Method - आय विधि

Gross Domestic Product GDP सकल घरेलू उत्पाद

GDP at Factor Cost ( साधन लागत पर ) - 

There are lot of production factor in the market which produce different – 2 goods and services in a limited time frame or a financial year. Every factor receives an amount against the efforts or work which is done by him, so if we add all the wages paid to the factors, we are able to calculate the GDP at Factor Cost. In other words, we add all the net value which is added at different stage of production.

GDP at Factor Cost = Net value Added +depreciation.

Net Domestic Product (NDP) –

Our capital goods use in production for a long run, so every year these machine have depreciation and lost a part of value. Every machine has depreciation like machine, equipment or building etc. So, for Net Domestic Product we must deduct the depreciation for GDP.

NDP = GDP – depreciation.

GDP at Nominal Price – Calculation of our GDP at current year price index.

GDP at Real Price – Calculation of our GDP at a base year price index like 1981, 1991, 2000 or 2011 etc. 

  

National Income public income total income

National Income

Income – a word which have a large concept and have a wide area. It’s related with all country and all the people of a particular country which engages them-self in any financial activity. In national income, we include all financial activity which is done by all the people of the country. In it we include, all the goods and services of an economic which is produce in a limited time frame and have a price.

National Income or public income or total income 

According to Marshal – National Income is a total income or total production which is produce by the entire production factor like capital or employee or natural resources etc in a limited time frame. Different people have different view to calculate national income. Someone define it in the basic of - income of all people in a country, other one is total expenditure or consumption etc.

We have three methods to calculate the National Income –

Income Method – in this method, we include the income of all production factors because they receive an income against their service, so total income is equal to the income of all production factors. GDP is equal to labor income or salary + interest + profit + rent etc.

Expenditure Method – in this method, we include total expenditure for all the goods and services in a limited time frame in an economic. We also include durable or non-durable thing in it.

Production Method – in this method, we include all the production in our economic by different industry. In it, we include total production of all goods and services. We also called it a value added method or factor cost of industry.   

                                                             

राष्टीय आय national income

राष्टीय आय

आय एक ऐसा शब्द जो सभी देशों और उनमें रहने वाले सभी नागरिकों ( व्यक्तियों ) के आर्थिक कामों से जुड़ा हुआ है, राष्टीय आय के अंतर्गत हम एक देश के अंदर रहने वाले सभी व्यक्तियों के द्वारा एक निश्चित समय में किए गए आर्थिक कामों को शामिल करते है, अन्य शब्दों में – राष्टीय आय से अभिप्राय किसी देश में एक निश्चित समय में उत्पादित की गई सभी वस्तुओं और सेवाओं के कुल मूल्य या आर्थिक जोड़ से है,

राष्टीय आय

मार्शल के अनुसार – एक देश की कुल पूंजी और कुल श्रम मिलकर जब दिए हुए प्राकृतिक संसाधन के साथ मिलकर एक निश्चित समय में बहुत सारी वस्तुओं (भोतिक और अभोतिक) का उत्पादन करते है इन सभी के जोड़ या कुल आर्थिक योगफल को राष्टीय आय या वार्षिक आय या देश का कुल राजस्व कहते है बहुत सी दूसरी परिभाषाऔ में हम दूसरे देश से प्राप्त आय को भी शामिल करते है, तथा कुछ अन्य लोग उपभोग को आधार पर मापते है वे इसके अंतर्गत देश के अंदर होने वाले कुल उपभोग को आधार मानते है क्योंकि किसी के द्वारा किया गया खर्च दूसरे की आय होती है

राष्टीय आय को मापने की विधियाँ –

आय विधि – किसी भी देश के सभी साधन उत्पादन की विभिन्न विधियों में संलग्न होते है तथा इसी के बदले में उनकों आय प्राप्त होती है इसीलिए राष्टीय आय को सभी संसाधनों की आय का जोड़ भी माना जाता है सभी संसाधनों का उत्पादन = GDP (Gross Demostic Production), जैसे – मजदूरी या वेतन + ब्याज + लाभ + किराया 

व्यय विधि – इस विधि के अंतर्गत अर्थव्यवस्था के अंदर सभी के द्वारा किए गए कुल व्यय को शामिल करते है इसके अंदर हम चल और अचल तथा टिकाऊ और गैर-टिकाऊ वस्तुओं और सेवाओं पर किए गए कुल व्यय को शामिल किया जाता है

उत्पाद विधि – इसके अंतर्गत हम एक निश्चित समय अवधि में देश की सभी उधोगों के द्वारा किया गऐ कुल उत्पादन (वस्तुओं और सेवाओं ) के जोड़ को शामिल करते है यह GDP की मूल्य बढ़ाव विधि या मूल उधोग द्वारा साधन लागत पर GDP भी कहा जाता है

                                                            

science 8th class science कोशिका विभिन्न अंग कार्य Koshika ke kary snrchna

कोशिका विभिन्न अंग कार्य

ü  श्वेत रक्त कोशिका – यह एक प्रकार की कोशिका होती हँ और यह मानव रक्त में पाई जाती हँ तथा यह हानिकारक पदार्थो के भरण पोषण में सहायक होती है

 श्वेत रक्त कोशिका

ü  जीव द्रव्य – यह झिल्ली और केंद्रंक के मध्य होने वाला जीव द्रव्य होता है

ü  अंगक – जीव द्रव्य में पाई जाने वाली विभिन्न प्रकार की छोटी – 2 संरचना

ü  कोशिका भित्ति – पादप कोशिका में झिल्ली के बाहर एक अलग से आवरण होता हे जो कोशिका को मजबूत बनाता है

ü  असीम केंद्री कोशिका – केन्द्रक झिल्ली का न होना या केन्द्रक का स्पष्ट न होना

ü  समीम केंद्री कोशिका - केन्द्रक का स्पष्ट होना तथा केन्द्रक झिल्ली का आवरण चारों तरफ होना

ü  द्रव्य से भरे विभिन्न अंगक को घानी कहते है

ü  पौधों में पाई जाने वाली विभिन्न छोटे आकार की रंगदार संरचनाओ को वर्णक कहते है

ü  जीन – ये गुणों के आनुवंशिकता के लिए होते है तथा क्रोमोसोम पर होती है

ü  कोशिका के अंदर केन्द्रक में बहुत सारी छोटी – 2 धागे के आकार की संरचना गुणसूत्र कहा जाता है

ü  कोशिका केंद्रक – सभी प्रकार की युकेरियोटिक कोशिका में केंद्रक को स्पष्ट देखा जा सकता है इसको चार भागों में बाटा जा सकता है –

·   केंद्रक झिल्ली – यह केंद्रक द्रव्य को चारों तरफ से घेरने वाला आवरण होता है जोकि परागम्य तथा सरंध होता है उपरी परत के चारों तरफ राइबोसोम होते है तथा जो RSR में निरंतर होते है कोशिका द्रव्य और केंद्रक द्रव्य के मध्य विभिन्न पदार्थो को देखते है

·  केंद्रक द्रव्य – यह कोलाइड्ल पदार्थ जो की अर्ध ठोस होता है इसके अंदर केंद्रिका और क्रोमैटिन धागे होते है यह एक पिजंरे की तरह कार्य करता है जो कोशिका विभिजन में महत्वपूर्ण spindle का निर्माण करता है

·   केंद्रिका – इसे हम न्यूक्लिओलम भी कहते है यह गहरे रंग, घना, गोल और नग्न प्रकार की संरचना होती है जो RNA का भंडारण और संश्लेषण करते है

·  क्रोमेटिन धागे – यह गहरे रंग के महीन और लम्बे धागे नुमा होते है ये मिलकर केंद्रक रेटिकुल्म का निर्माण करते है ये विभाजन में संघन होने के पश्चात विशेष छड के आकार की संरचना का निर्माण करते है जो क्रोमोसोम कहलाते है तथा इन पर ही जीन लगे होते है  

science 8th class science कोशिका उतक सैलूलोज कोशिका झिल्ली

हमारी कोशिका और उसकी संरचना

ü  जिस प्रकार मानवो और जानवरों के विभिन्न अंग जैसे हाथ, पैर और टांगे होती हँ उसी प्रकार पेड़ो के भी विभिन्न अंग होते हँ जैसे – फूल, पत्ते, डाली, तना और जड़े आदि !

ü  आवर्धक लेंस के बिना हम अपने शरीर के छिद्र नहीं देख सकते !

ü  सभी सजीव भोजन करना, साँस लेना और उत्सर्जन जैसे विभिन्न क्रिया करते है

ü  सभी जीव अपनी -2 प्रजाति का प्रतिनिधित्व करते है  

ü  सभी सजीवों में अलग-2 प्रकार की कोशिका और संख्या तथा रंग होता है

ü  सभी जीवों को दो भागों में बाटा जा सकता है

·         एक कोशिका जीव – जीवन जीने की सभी कार्य एक ही कोशिका द्वारा किए जाते हँ जैसे अमीबा, जीवाणु और पैरा-मिशिय्म, ये सभी एक कोशिका जीव होते है

 कोशिका 

·         बहु-कोशिका सजीव – सभी सजीव विभिन्न कोशिकाओं से मिलकर बने होते हँ और अलग – 2 कार्य करते है इनमें पादप और जन्तु को शामिल किया जाता है जिनकी कोशिका गोल आकार की होती हँ

ü  अंडे के अंदर पाया जाने वाला पिला भाग - योक कहा जाता है इसके चारों तरफ सफेद एल्ब्यूमिन होता हँ

ü  कोशिका सभी सजीवों की क्रियात्मक और सं-रचना देने वाली इकाई होती है  

ü  सभी कोशिकओं के चारों तरफ एक परत होती हँ जिसे कोशिका झिल्ली कहा जाता है जो कोशिका को आकार देती हँ तथा इसके अंदर कोशिका द्रव्य होता है

ü  पेड़ो की कोशिका को कोशिका भित्ति कहते हँ जोकि सैलूलोज से बनती हँ और यही पेड़ की कोशिकओं को आकार देती हँ

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